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Using a new database of household surveys, this paper examines inequality among all individuals living in developing East Asia regardless of their country of residence. The East Asian Gini index increased from 39.0 in 1988 to 43.3 in 2012. Inequality increased during the initial decade, regardless of the choice of inequality measure. The trend appears to have reversed in the mid-2000s. Regional inequality is now almost entirely explained by within-country differences, while gaps in average income across countries have become unimportant. This reversal has been driven by rising national inequality especially in populous countries, counteracted by catch-up growth in average incomes, particularly in China. Interpersonal differences in income at the regional level have thus become internalized within national boundaries.

Expenditure Distribution --- Global Inequality --- Inequality

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This paper argues that inequality can be both good and bad for growth, depending on what inequality and whose growth. Unequal societies may be holding back one segment of the population while helping another. Similarly, high levels of income inequality may be due to a variety of different factors; some of these may be good while others may be bad for growth. The paper tests this hypothesis by "unpacking" both inequality and growth. Total inequality is decomposed into inequality of opportunity, due to observed factors that are beyond the individual's control, and residual inequality. Growth is measured at different steps of the income ladder to verify whether low, middle, and top income households fare differently in societies with high (low) levels of inequality. In an application to the United States covering 1960 to 2010, the paper finds that inequality of opportunity is particularly bad for growth of the poor. When inequality of opportunity is controlled for, the importance of total income inequality is dramatically reduced. These results are robust to different measures of inequality of opportunity and econometric methods.

Growth --- Inequality --- Inequality Of Opportunity --- United States

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Climate --- Social inequality --- Article

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In 2018, Indonesia's coordinated and prudent macroeconomic policy framework underpinned steadyeconomic growth, amid global volatility and several natural disasters. Real GDP growth strengthened to 5.2 percent yoy in 2018 from 5.1 percent in 2017. Growth decelerated only slightly in Q1 2019, to 5.1 percent yoy. Quarterly GDP growth has been broadly stable, remaining within a narrow range of 4.9-5.3 percent yoy for 14 consecutive quarters. The drivers of growth shifted in Q4 2018 and Q1 2019, as investment growth decelerated from multi-year highs, and both private and government consumption picked up. Investment slowed because of inventory destocking and easing fixed investment growth due to delays in new public projects in response to current account concerns, political uncertainty ahead of the general elections, and deteriorating prices of thecountry's key commodity exports and a maturing investment cycle in the mining sector. On the other hand, growth of private and government consumption gained on stronger spending by political parties and civil servant bonuses. Private consumption was also supported by low inflation and abuoyant labor market. Indonesia's oceans can be leveraged to make a larger contribution to the economy, both through higher revenues from tourism and fisheries and by enhancing resilience to natural disasters and climate change. This edition therefore discusses the importance of the maritime economy to Indonesia's economic development and presents the challenges and opportunities the country faces in leveraging the maritime economy for greater prosperity.

Inequality --- Labor Market --- Poverty

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Many people are increasingly concerned about economic inequality within their own nations, or between wealthy nations and poor ones. But is today's vast economic inequality best addressed by appeals to ethics, by altering social structures such as taxes and laws, or some combination of the two approaches? This volume brings together leading scholars from across the disciplines who believe today's extreme economic inequality threatens human flourishing and who are determined to address it using their own disciplinary tools. The broadly interdisciplinary volume incorporates contributions from fields as varied as theology, philosophy, economics, education, social work, sociology and law. Our work together illustrates how incorporating a variety of perspectives in a conversation enriches religious and ethical reflection on a significant social ill, and how quantitative and secular fields can help offer practical solutions to contemporary ethical problems.

inequality --- living wage --- economic inequality --- earned income tax credit